
Electrochemical technology that uses a bismuth-based electrode to selectively remove chloride ions from mixed-ion solutions, reducing the salty taste of electrolytes. Leverages a redox reaction between bismuth and chlori...
A membrane-based electrodialysis technology that selectively replaces chloride ions with sulfate ions in product electrolytes to reduce salty taste. Uses monovalent-ion-selective membranes to retain divalent sulfate whil...
A novel electrochemical process that uses a non-toxic iron-based redox couple to remove hardness ions from water without gas formation or precipitation. Lab-scale validation achieved 98% salt removal at 1V, offering a lo...